A full-adder is a combinational circuit that adds two single-bit binary numbers and a carry-in, and produces a sum and a carry-out. The full-adder has three inputs and two outputs, one for the sum (S) and one for the carry-out (Cout). The third input of the full-adder is the carry-in (Cin) from the previous stage. It can be implemented using basic logic gates such as AND, XOR, and OR gates.
A half-adder is a combinational circuit that adds two single-bit binary numbers and produces the sum and carry as output. The half-adder has two inputs and two outputs, one for the sum (S) and one for the carry (C). It can be implemented using basic logic gates such as AND, XOR, and NOT gates.
A demultiplexer, also known as a data distributor, is a combinational circuit that takes a single input and forwards it to one of multiple outputs based on the select signal. It has one input line, M select lines, and N output lines. The select input determines which output line the input signal will be forwarded to.
A multiplexer, also known as a data selector, is a combinational circuit that selects data from multiple inputs and forwards one of them to a single output line based on the select signals. It has N input lines, M select lines, and one output line. The select inputs determine which input line is selected and forwarded to the output line.
An encoder is a combinational circuit that converts a set of inputs into a binary code. It has multiple input lines and a single output line. The encoder detects the active input and generates a binary code corresponding to that input.
